Authority model checked 2026-07-31
Manchukuo Kangde 11 (1944) One Fen
Exact-identity study with two complete coin faces, authority hierarchy, currency context, evidence boundaries, and source attribution.
日本の植民地・海外・占領地における貨幣関係
- Jurisdictions
- 1
- Authorities
- 1
- Coin records
- 1
- Status
- Published
Identity first
Control is not the same as issuance
Every record keeps six relationships visible. This prevents a Japanese minting or control relationship from overwriting the issuer and jurisdiction printed into the coin's history.
Who exercised power over the jurisdiction.
The territory or state in which the system operated.
The government, central bank, colonial bank, or regime bank responsible.
The unit, parity, legal-tender basis, and note/coin layers.
A manufacturer may produce for a foreign issuer without owning the issue.
The country or historical jurisdiction under which the coin belongs.
Political geography
Jurisdiction and canonical identity
The canonical country field governs catalog ownership; the controlling-power field preserves the political relationship.
| Jurisdiction | Political class | Control | Canonical catalog | Span |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manchukuomanchukuo | japan dominated state | japan | manchukuo | 1932–1945 |
Authority hierarchy
Issuer, note bank, administration, and mint
A dash means the authority did not perform that issuing role; it does not mean the authority was absent from the wider system.
Currency layers
Coins and banknotes are modeled separately
Taiwan and Korea had territory-specific note systems while using Japanese metropolitan coins. Karafuto and the South Pacific Mandate used the Japanese yen directly. Manchukuo had a separate yuan system.
| System | Unit | Coin layer | Banknote layer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manchukuo yuan systemmanchukuo | yuan | Central Bank of Manchukuo fen and chiao coinage | Central Bank of Manchukuo notes |
Coin evidence
Canonical issues and production evidence
Trial pieces and production records are labeled as such. Missing specifications remain unavailable and never become zero.
| Issue | Issuer | Canonical country | Object class | Specifications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manchukuo Kangde 11 one fen1944 · 1 fen | Central Bank of Manchukuo | manchukuocontrol: japan | circulation coin | —— · — |
Change over time
Currency transitions
Adoption, parity, succession, and withdrawal are distinct events. A conversion rate appears only when a cited source states it.
- Manchukuo
The Central Bank of Manchukuo created a separate yuan currency under Japanese dominance.
Context only
Banknote systems are not coin objects
Central Bank notes are context for the separate Manchukuo coin system, not objects in the coin catalog.
Excluded from coin issue countJapanese control does not make a foreign coin Japanese. Japanese use abroad does not create a colonial coin issue. Mint production does not prove circulation. No occupation countermark is published without institutional evidence.
Evidence
Sources and scope
These links support the claims on this page. Source authority does not imply permission to republish source images.
Issuer establishment, headquarters, and verified coin-object corpus.
Open sourceSeparate central bank and national currency under Japanese political dominance.
Open sourceComparative scholarly distinction among colonial and wartime issuing authorities and currencies.
Open sourceExact paired specimen image under CC BY 3.0.
Open source