Authenticating Sangpyeong Tongbo

The series hub separates value, office, casting entity, reverse marks, calligraphy, and varieties.

A sourced chronology from regular issue in 1678 through late Joseon value experiments and monetary reform.

One, two, five, and one hundred mun are distinct declared-value classes, not a single uniform physical standard.

Government offices and military commands are modeled as authorities; their dependent casting operations remain separate entities.

A production guide to models, molds, trees, trimming, and the evidence left by cast manufacture without digitally repairing defects.

Office, value, sequence, numeral, and symbol marks are categorized before any mint or furnace attribution is made.

Descriptive stroke families help comparison but do not by themselves establish office, furnace, or date.

A layered variety method prevents one reverse character or calligraphic feature from becoming an unsupported issue identity.

Cast completeness, legibility, rims, hole, surface stability, and honest defects matter more than machine-struck assumptions.

Build a collection by value class, verified office, mark category, or calligraphy study while keeping uncertain attributions labeled.

Decorative and non-circulating cast objects are interpreted beside, but not merged into, the Sangpyeong Tongbo issue catalog.

The baseline value class, presented with explicit office and variety boundaries.

Dangijeon (당이전; 當二錢), nominally two mun, with measurements treated as object evidence rather than universal standards.

Dangojeon (당오전; 當五錢), a late Joseon high-value cast-cash class.

Dangbaekjeon (당백전; 當百錢), a short-lived nominal 100-mun issue whose fiscal purpose, overvaluation, and withdrawal must be distinguished.